Surface finishing of dental materials significantly influence their functional properties, biological compatibility, and long-term clinical performance. Given the diversity of materials used—including ceramics, metals, polymers, and bioactive composites—each material type necessitates a tailored approach to surface layer modification. This review focuses on the classification and analysis of primary surface finishing methodologies applied to dental materials. Mechanical techniques aimed at increasing micro-roughness are described alongside chemical methods targeting surface property alteration. Physical processes such as plasma activation and laser texturing are also examined. Attention is dedicated to treatments enhancing surface bioactivity, including the deposition of bioactive coatings and chemical surface functionalization. The study emphasizes the correlation between applied surface modification techniques, resultant changes in surface topography, and biological responses within the oral environment. Moreover, the necessity of customizing technological approaches based on specific clinical requirements is underscored. The insights gained provide guidance for the optimal selection of surface finishing according to material type and intended clinical application
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